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07.03.2008 1:30 pm

What is a haiku - and what isn’t?

Post-Dispatch Book Editor
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John J. Dunphy has written a terrific, easy-to-understand primer on what makes a haiku. At least it’s fairly easy to understand….. What do you think?

What Is a Haiku and What Isn’t?

By  John J. Dunphy

Godfrey, Ill., haiku poet
 www.johndunphy.com
 
 
to write a haiku
there is a set formula
one has to follow

My dear Aunt Minnie
loves to bake banana pies
for her family.
 
sitting on my porch
i contemplate the full moon
in my wisdom quest
 
What do these three poems have in common?   Some erudite readers who didn’t
sleep through high school English will engage in a bit of syllable counting
and suddenly proclaim, “They’re all haiku!   The first line of each poem
contains five syllables, the second line has seven syllables and the third
line contains five syllables, for a grand total of just seventeen syllables.
That’s the formula for writing haiku, which is a Japanese type of poetry.”

Well, I’ve got news for you, friends.  As far as your high school
introduction to haiku was concerned, you would have been better off catching
a few Z’s like some of your classmates.  Your teacher, regardless of his/her
grasp of Shakespeare and Chaucer, didn’t know beans about haiku.    “Haiku”
example 1, cited above, fails on two counts: (a) it’s wrong about haiku
having a set formula one has to follow and  (b) the poem itself, despite the
5-7-5 syllable count, isn’t even a haiku.

While many early English-language haiku poets indeed wrote in the 5-7-5
style, modern haiku poets have pretty much discarded that format.   We
believe that it tends to make a haiku too wordy and stilted-sounding.   A
genuine haiku is characterized by a freshness and spontaneity that simply
can’t be conveyed by strait-jacketing its expression.

A declarative sentence that has been chopped up into a 5-7-5 format, such as
example 2, is not a haiku!   Does a rambunctious fan who jumps into the
playing field of Busch Stadium during a game automatically become a
Cardinal?  Of course not — No more than a three-line sentence written 5-7-5
automatically qualifies as a haiku.   Pseudo-mysticism, as embodied in
example 3, doesn’t make the cut either.  A haiku should not sound like a
line of dialogue from the old “Kung Fu” TV series.

Real haiku nonetheless usually are written in three lines, and traditionally
deal with nature.

the blood-red dawn
duck hunters crouch
behind a blind
 
cemetery
wind sweeps a floral wreath
into the paupers’ section

dawn
a beachball
leaving with the tide
 
VA hospital
a tree in the courtyard
scarred by lightning
 
 
A senryu is a three-line poem that is similar to a haiku.   Senryu deals
with the foibles of human nature in a humorous or satirical manner.

wet footprints
in a U-turn
on the diving board

school restroom
the English teacher corrects
the misspelled graffiti
 
class reunion
the ex-football team captain’s date
handsome in his tux
 
New Year’s Day
my champagne glass bubbling
with Alka-Seltzer
 
Please note that the preceding senryu are written in three lines, yet
there’s nary a 5-7-5 format in sight.   But check out the following poems.
IRS audit
examiner keeps chuckling
without looking up
 
emergency room
parents tell their child to say
he fell down the stairs
 
during the campaign
even his sign in my yard
leaning to the right
 
her suicide note
she checks the dictionary
for correct spelling
 
There it is - that classical 5-7-5 style that I’ve been telling you to
erase from your memory banks.  And all four were published in reputable
English-language haiku journals, no less.  So what’s going on here?
 
It is permissable to write a 5-7-5 haiku or senryu, as long as the
spontaneity of the poem isn’t compromised.   Does the poem really work best
when written that way?   Then write it that way.
 
I urge you to check out the web site of the Haiku Society of America at
www.hsa-haiku.org to learn more about haiku.  Frogpond, the official journal
of the Haiku Society of America, and Modern Haiku, the oldest
English-language haiku journal in continuous existence, should be required
reading for anyone seriously interested in haiku.   A plethora of other
haiku periodicals exist that also merit perusual.   Get to know
real haiku by subscribing to journals that publish the stuff.
 
Oh, one last thing.   If you just know that the plural of haiku is haiku -
not haikus — that alone will put you literary light-years ahead of the
general public.
 _____________________________________
 
NOTE: All poems in this essay were written by the author and have been
published in various haiku journals…..except the three examples of
pseudo-haiku, of course.   If you’ve seen “poems” like those in print, you
can rest assured that the periodical’s editor knew as much about haiku as
Ed Wood knew about film-making.

11 comments

Comments are closed.

At last a funny AND correct article on haiku!

A big thank you to Jane Henderson for publishing a well-respected, and regularly published, haiku poet’s article.

Kudos to John (and Jane) for making this article very funny while showing how haiku really is. Haiku was and still is not an ancient form of poetry because it’s been constantly practiced since the days of Basho, and since the early 20th Western, and other non-Japanese poets have been regularly writing haiku.

Now I know a lot of teachers get it utterly wrong, and will even bring in some terrible book on bad haiku, but children and young people, be kind to them, and just get your parents to consider buying (or get out of the library) a copy of Bill Higginson’s “The Haiku Handbook” which also contains useful and easy school exercises in writing haiku.

all my very best,

Alan
“With Words”

— Alan Summers
4:00 am July 4th, 2008

Thank you, Jane, for giving space to a well-written piece about a genre of poetry that is wonderfully challenging. Mr. Dunphy, thank you, too, I enjoyed reading your explanations and examples. There’s a large number of poets who practice haiku, even here in the St. Louis area. I hope they migrate your way.

warm regards,
jennie

— jennie townsend
3:58 pm July 4th, 2008

Interesting essay. I had almost forgotten how much I like reading good haiku. Thanks to John for pointing out that the tight stricture on 17 syllables is mostly relaxed these days — poetic form is always evolving. You know, Japanese is an agglutinative language, which means that its words are built up of small syllables stuck together — think of words like su-ki-ya-ki, or Hi-ro-shi-ma. So in Japanese, the focus on syllables was likely more meaningful than it ever was in English, and trying to force that format on our language may not have been a good fit in the first place.

— Tom Cooper
9:09 am July 5th, 2008

Great information John and will keep it on file for future reference. Question, did you mean to write a small letter i instead of I in 3rd statement. John is a great author and certainly needs to keep writing, especially on local history.

— Jan Phillips
2:56 pm July 5th, 2008

This is an excellent article. I’ve seen so many posts labeled ‘haiku’ on myspace only to find three lines of prose. I don’t think many people have the slightest idea what haiku really is all about. Thanks for sharing this!

— Pris
7:57 pm July 5th, 2008

there’s a beachhead out there for haiku and john’s put up an oasis there (to mix metaphors)

many people have only a vague sense of haiku (anything in 5-7-5) so such corrective as john’s is necessary as haiku reaches a tipping point.

thank you st. louis for giving voice to the spirit of nature which everyone can tap into, thanks to lucid haiku sage john dunphy

— gary gach
10:58 pm July 6th, 2008

Lovely commentary, thanks. And I’d invite folks to consider the tanka form.
Try the website for the Tanka Society of America, http://www.tankasocietyofamerica.com/

In books, both TANGLED HAIR and also INK DARK MOON come to mind, along with Rexroth’s 100 POEMS FROM THE JAPANESE.

David Lee Kirkland

— David Lee Kirkland
8:52 am July 7th, 2008

Nice to read a great article on haiku. As a former high school English teacher from the early 80’s, I was thrilled if my students brought a pen to class, so go a bit easy on us! Your article will certainly encourage further exploration. Thanks.

All the best,

Bev

— Bev George
3:09 pm July 7th, 2008

Thanks again John for your posting on haiku.

(And thanks Tom Cooper for contributing terms like “agglutinative language” to the ol’ book blog.)

I also say, I must support Bev George in her comment. Teachers shouldn’t be criticized too much for some of the ways they have to teach young children, who would be frightened off poetry and literature forever if all the complexities were foisted upon them at a tender age. (Of course this is my own little bugaboo - I think young kids should just be encouraged to read and write without too much harsh criticism over boring points of form until they are solidly interested in and more confident about writing and reading.)

These are the kinds of postings and comments I would love to have more of for this space: things with a regional flair or peg but not so narrow as to be uninteresting to a varied audience. So I welcome (I’ll even beg, if it works) more postings like John’s. If you have postings you think belong here, please e-mail me at jhenderson@post-dispatch.com.

Thanks again - Jane

— Jane Henderson
9:36 am July 8th, 2008

John,

Excellent article about haiku. You are truly the area’s number-one haiku expert.

To Ms. Henderson, who said “Teachers shouldn’t be criticized too much for some of the ways they have to teach young children, who would be frightened off poetry and literature forever if all the complexities were foisted upon them at a tender age.” I will agree with that. The problem when I was in school during the 1970s and 1980s was that teachers were teaching the “classics” to the children and having them write as if it was 1850 all over again. Then when those kids began to write when they get out of high school and college, they are in for a rude awakening…language and literature made many changes over 150 years.

— Louis J. Launer
11:27 am July 9th, 2008

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